{"id":273,"date":"2010-12-14T19:17:01","date_gmt":"2010-12-14T19:17:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/new.woodape.org\/index.php\/2010\/12\/14\/primateresilience\/"},"modified":"2010-12-14T19:17:01","modified_gmt":"2010-12-14T19:17:01","slug":"primateresilience","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.woodape.org\/index.php\/primateresilience\/","title":{"rendered":"The Resilience of Primates"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"writeboardbody\">\n<p>A new study, published in the Nov. 30 issue of <i>American  Naturalist<\/i>, shows that primates are less susceptible to environmental  ups and downs, particularly changes in rainfall, than other animals.<\/p>\n<p>Researchers from the National Evolutionary Synthesis Center (NESCent)  in Durham, North Carolina, looked at, literally, decades of data on  birth and death rates for seven different primate species. The species  examined were muriqui monkeys (<i>Brachyteles arachnoids<\/i>) and capuchin  monkeys (<i>Cebus capucinus<\/i>) in Central and South America; yellow baboons  (<i>Papio ynocephalus cynocephalus<\/i>), blue monkeys (<i>Cercopithecus mitis<\/i>),  chimpanzees (<i>Pan troglodytes<\/i>), and lowland gorillas (<i>Gorilla gorilla  gorilla<\/i>) from the African Continent; and sifakas (<i>Propithecus verreauxi  coquereli<\/i>)\u2014a type of lemur\u2014in Madagascar.<\/p>\n<p>The collection of this much data was a monumental effort. Seven  different research teams working around the world monitored the births,  lives, and deaths of thousands of individuals daily for more than 25  years. The researchers used a new database developed by the NESCent to  compile and cross-reference the data in an effort to find similarities  between the species.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWild animals deal with a world that is unpredictable from year to  year,\u201d said the lead author of the study, Bill Morris. The Duke  biologist added, \u201cThe weather can change a lot; there can be years with  plenty of food and years of famine.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The 25 years of data covered both good years and bad and seems to  have run long enough to make the data scientifically valid. What the  researchers found was interesting. Year to year survival rates of  primates proved to be more stable than survival rates of other animals.  The primate data were compared to that of two-dozen species of birds,  reptiles, and mammals.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"391\" vspace=\"15\" hspace=\"12\" height=\"258\" border=\"1\" class=\"caption\" alt=\"Gorillas, like most primates, eat a wide variety of foods. \" src=\"https:\/\/www.woodape.org\/images\/stories\/Articles\/mikes%20gorilla.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>The co-author of the study Karen Strier , an anthropologist as the  University of Wisconsin-Madison, said that primates possess some key  traits that enable them to make seasonal adjustments to their diets.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cFor one thing, they\u2019re social,\u201d said Strier. The fact that primates  live in groups allows them to share information with each other. This  shared information allows them to be more effective in locating sources  of food and water during lean times.<\/p>\n<p>Another, and perhaps even more important, trait that allows primates  to survive better than other species during times when food-stuff is  scarce is the ability to eat a wide variety of food items. Monkeys and  apes will eat leaves, grasses, fruits, flowers, bark, and seeds. In  short, unlike many other animals, they are generalists when it comes to  their diet. This is a huge advantage over species that have specialized  diets. When their favorite foods are in short supply, primates can adapt  and eat something else. The article then goes on to hypothesize that  similar traits may have helped early humans survive environmental ups  and downs.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"391\" vspace=\"15\" hspace=\"12\" height=\"257\" border=\"1\" src=\"https:\/\/www.woodape.org\/images\/stories\/Articles\/mikes%20sifaka.jpg\" alt=\"A sifaka feeding. \" class=\"caption\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Could the study have any relevance to the sasquatch? Possibly. The  fact is that nobody really knows with absolute certainty how sasquatches live, socialize, or  eat; however, we do have a substantial number of reliable observer reports that allow  us to hypothesize.<\/p>\n<p>The social nature of primates is the first trait the study points to  as giving an advantage in surviving environmental ups and downs.  Multiple animals working cooperatively to spread out, scout, and forage  over a large area makes finding suitable food and water much easier. Most sasquatch sightings are of a single  individual. There are, however, sightings of multiple animals reported.  Pairs, family units, and even twenty plus individuals (see <i>The Tale of  Muchalat Harry<\/i> in the <i>Sasquatch Classics<\/i> archive) have been reported.  The fact is, we just do not know how sasquatches interact. Do they spread  out during the day and \u201cgo home\u201d at night? Do the females and\/or young  stay in one general area while males hunt\/forage? We just do not know.  The fact that the number of sightings of single animals dwarfs the  number of reports featuring multiple animals would point to the  sasquatch being mostly solitary, much like orangutans (<i>Pongo pygmaeus<\/i>).  But who is to say that when an individual is observed it is not out  scouting or foraging for its family unit?<\/p>\n<p>What seems even more interesting is how the broad diet  of primates helped them survive tough times, which actually makes perfect sense. The more varied the diet of a given animal the better the  chances said animal will find something to sustain itself.  Specialization in diet is one reason species like the giant panda of  China and the koala of Australia find themselves in trouble. It has even  worked against humans in the past.<\/p>\n<p>A prime example would be the Indian wars fought between the U.S.  government and the American Indians that inhabited the Great Plains of  North America in the mid to late 1800s. These tribes were expert  horsemen and warriors. They were highly mobile, intelligent, and fierce.  They proved to be more than a match for the U.S. Army. They had one  weakness, however. That weakness was their near total dependence on  horses and the American bison.<\/p>\n<p>U.S. military strategists, after suffering several humiliating  defeats, like the Battle of Little Big Horn, decided to do more than  just engage the tribes directly. They would remove the very things these  tribes needed for survival. Army scouts swooped down on Indian  encampments and, instead of engaging the braves, shot all the horses.  Meanwhile, buffalo hunters were hired to kill as many buffalo as  possible. An all out slaughter ensued. It was not long before fierce  tribes like the Kiowa, Comanche, and Sioux were brought to the point of  starvation. In a shockingly short amount of time the great horse culture  of the plains was gone and the American bison was on the brink of  extinction.<\/p>\n<p>Specialization helped the American Indians of the Great Plains become  very successful for hundreds of years, but it proved to be their  undoing in the end. Such is the possible fate of species that are overly  dependent on one food source. If the food source disappears, for  whatever reason, the species is likely to disappear as well.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"385\" vspace=\"15\" hspace=\"12\" height=\"292\" border=\"1\" src=\"https:\/\/www.woodape.org\/images\/stories\/Articles\/mikes%20chimps.jpg\" alt=\"The diet of chimpanzees is highly varied and even includes meat.\" class=\"caption\" \/><\/p>\n<p>It is encouraging that this study shows most primates are not overly  dependent on one food source. It has long been theorized that the  sasquatch is omnivorous and has a diet similar to that of bears. If so,  they may be doing just fine as the river bottoms, forests, and swamps of  Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Oklahoma are incredibly rich in food  sources. Populations of black bear (<i>Ursus americanus<\/i>) have exploded in  Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Louisiana. Bears are beginning to make  significant headway in East Texas as well. If the sasquatch does have a  highly varied diet like that of <i>U. americanus<\/i> then the chances of the  species surviving increase dramatically.<\/p>\n<p>Primates continue to surprise us with their intelligence and  resilience. Each study that comes out seems to reveal something  remarkable or validates claims about primates\u2014particularly great  apes\u2014that were once deemed outlandish. Although not adequately documented yet, the TBRC&#8217;s position is that the sasquatch is undoubtedly a primate (the debate over whether it is human or  ape is one for another day). As such, it is among the most intelligent  and resourceful creatures on the planet. This is good news if we are  talking about the survival of the species. It is, however, going to make  it that much tougher on the few who seek to document them.<\/p>\n<p> Source: National Evolutionary Synthesis Center (NESCent) (2010,  December 2). Primates are more resilient than other animals to  environmental ups and downs. <i>ScienceDaily<\/i>. Retrieved December 13, 2010,  from <a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2010\/12\/101201124347.htm\">here<\/a>. <\/p>\n<p> This article first appeared on <a href=\"http:\/\/texascryptidhunter.blogspot.com\/2010\/12\/resilience-of-primates.html\">Texas Cryptid Hunter<\/a> as a blog. It is has been slightly modified for the TBRC website.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A new study, published in the Nov. 30 issue of American Naturalist, shows that primates are less susceptible to environmental ups and downs, particularly changes in rainfall, than other animals. Researchers from the National Evolutionary Synthesis Center (NESCent) in Durham, North Carolina, looked at, literally, decades of data on birth and death rates for seven [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","inline_featured_image":false,"pgc_sgb_lightbox_settings":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[21],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-273","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news-news"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The Resilience of Primates - North American Wood Ape Conservancy<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.woodape.org\/index.php\/primateresilience\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Resilience of Primates - North American Wood Ape Conservancy\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A new study, published in the Nov. 30 issue of American Naturalist, shows that primates are less susceptible to environmental ups and downs, particularly changes in rainfall, than other animals. 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